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Ilmuwan Hidupkan Mikroba 40.000 Tahun dari Es Arktik, Kini Mereka Khawatir!

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Es di permukaan laut Arktik berkurang hingga mendekati rekor terendah
Ilmuwan Hidupkan Mikroba 40.000 Tahun dari Es Arktik, Kini Mereka Khawatir! Foto: BBC Magazine
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Membangkitkan kembali kehidupan purba yang terperangkap dalam es mungkin terdengar seperti kisah film fiksi ilmiah. Namun, inilah yang benar-benar dilakukan oleh sekelompok ilmuwan di Amerika Serikat. Mereka berhasil menghidupkan kembali mikroba berusia hingga 40.000 tahun yang ditemukan di lapisan es abadi (permafrost) di Alaska.

Penemuan menakjubkan ini dilakukan oleh tim dari Universitas Colorado Boulder (CU Boulder) dan diterbitkan dalam jurnal JGR Biogeosciences. Namun di balik keberhasilan itu, para ilmuwan justru diliputi kekhawatiran: organisme purba yang bangkit dari tidur panjangnya ini bisa memengaruhi keseimbangan iklim Bumi.

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Mikroba purba itu ditemukan di Permafrost Tunnel Research Facility, fasilitas penelitian bawah tanah milik Korps Zeni Angkatan Darat AS di Fairbanks, Alaska. Terowongan sepanjang lebih dari 100 meter itu menembus lapisan tanah beku berusia puluhan ribu tahun-menyimpan fosil hewan prasejarah seperti mammoth dan bison.

"Saat pertama kali masuk ke sana, bau busuknya sangat kuat-seperti ruang bawah tanah yang tertutup terlalu lama," kata Tristan Caro, peneliti utama. "Bagi ahli mikrobiologi, bau itu menandakan adanya aktivitas mikroba."

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Para peneliti mengambil sampel dari dinding terowongan yang usianya mencapai 40.000 tahun, lalu mencairkannya perlahan pada suhu 4-12 °C di laboratorium. Setelah beberapa bulan, mikroba-mikroba itu mulai hidup kembali dan membentuk koloni aktif yang bahkan terlihat dengan mata telanjang.

"Ini bukan sampel mati," ujar Caro. "Sampel-sampel ini masih menampung kehidupan yang mampu menguraikan bahan organik dan melepaskan karbon dioksida."

Bangkitnya mikroba purba bukan hanya keajaiban biologis, tapi juga peringatan iklim. Saat permafrost mencair, mikroba mulai memakan bahan organik kuno dan menghasilkan gas rumah kaca seperti karbon dioksida dan metana-yang bisa mempercepat pemanasan global.

"Ini salah satu ketidakpastian terbesar dalam respons iklim," jelas Sebastian Kopf, profesor geologi CU Boulder. "Kita belum tahu seberapa besar dampaknya ketika semua lapisan tanah beku di Kutub Utara mencair."

Menariknya, penelitian menunjukkan bahwa suhu panas sesaat tidak langsung membangkitkan mikroba. Namun musim panas Arktik yang semakin panjang justru membuat aktivitas mikroba berlangsung lebih lama.

"Yang berbahaya bukan satu hari panas, melainkan musim panas yang terus berlanjut hingga musim gugur," kata Caro.

Tim peneliti mengaku baru meneliti sebagian kecil dari lapisan es abadi dunia. Pertanyaan besar masih menggantung: apakah mikroba di Siberia dan Kanada utara juga bisa bangkit? Dan mungkinkah virus purba turut kembali hidup?

"Ada begitu banyak lapisan es di dunia ini-dan kami baru menyentuh permukaannya," pungkas Caro.



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